A Sea of Glass Page 18
Eunicella verrucosa (sea whip), 159
evolutionary relationships. See tree of life
evolutionary theory, Haeckel’s theories and their influence, 57–58, 61
Facelina bostoniensis, 94–95, 95 fig.
feather duster worms, 9–10, 54, 85, 154
Serpula vermicularis, 54, 70, 83, 84 fig., 85, 86
feather stars. See crinoids
Feeny, Paul, 2, 3
Felimare picta (zebra slug), 153, 154 fig.
Finnerty, John, 175
fire coral, 103, 104
fisheries declines, 65–66, 163
cephalopods and, 132, 133
Indonesia, 90–91
jellyfish and, 56, 63–64
Mediterranean, 56, 63, 66, 132, 160
fisheries policy, 163
flatworms (Platyhelminthes), 101, 178–79, 179 fig.
flowers, Blaschka glass models of, 4, 6, 58
fourhorn octopus (Pteroctopus tetracirrus), 118 fig.
Friday Harbor Labs, 19, 64, 175
frogs, 150, 162–63
frond aeolis (Dendronotus frondosus), 94, 96 fig.
fungal disease, 32, 150, 162–63
gastropods, 170 fig., 173, 181, 182–83
See also nudibranchs; sea slugs; specific taxa
Germany, Social Darwinism in, 61
GFP (green fluorescent protein), 19, 64
giant plumose anemone (Metridium farcimen), 37, 39–40, 40 fig., 41
Giovine, Ferdinando, 89
Glaucus atlanticus (sea dragon), 10, 101, 102 fig., 103
global warming. See climate change
Glynn, Peter, 30, 31
golden star coral (Balanophyllia regia), 54
Goniobranchus kuniei (Kuni’s nudibranch), 105–6, 105 fig.
Goniobranchus leopardus (leopard of the sea), 105, 105 fig., 106
gorgonian corals, 63, 159
See also sea fans
Gosse, Phillip Henry, 3, 6–7, 20–21, 22 fig., 58
great white shark, 48
Greene, Chuck, 146
green fluorescent protein (GFP), 19, 64
green spoon worm (Bonellia viridis), 74, 180 fig.
Haeckel, Ernst, 3, 8–9, 57–61, 95, 116
hake, 160
Halichondria, 100
Halistemma rubrum, 60–61
Hancock, Albany, 94
Hanlon, Roger, 122
Harvard glass flower collection, 4
Hatziolos, Marea, 33
Havenhand, Jon, 162
Hawaiian bobtail squid, 126
Hawaiian dives, 43, 48–52, 113–15, 123–26
head-shield slugs (cephalaspids), 183
Hewson, Ian, 149
Hexabranchus sanguineus (Spanish dancer), 100
Hexacorallia, 178
See also corals; specific taxa
Histioteuthis bonnellii (jeweled umbrella squid), 117 fig., 158
Hooten, Andy, 33
Hormiphora plumosa, 175 fig.
human biology and evolution, 176, 183, 188, 189
Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas), 132
hydroids, 26, 103, 182
hydrozoans (hydromedusae), 44, 60, 170 fig., 176–78, 177 fig.
Illex argentines (Argentine shortfin squid), 132
Illex coindetii, 132
illustrations. See Blaschka watercolors; watercolors and prints
Indonesian blast fishing, 11, 90–91, 111
Indonesian dives
cephalopod search, 128–29, 134–35
echinoderm search, 137–39, 151
nudibranch search, 89, 92–93, 98–101, 103, 104–6, 110–11
spawning worms sighting, 79–81
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 161–62
CO2 emissions projections, 165 fig.
International Union for Conservation of Nature, 66, 84
Red List, 133–34, 159–60
Irukandji jelly, 45–46, 51
Italian dives. See Mediterranean dives
James, Laura, 146, 148
Japanese flying squid (Todarodes sagittatus), 132
jellyfish, 42–66, 154, 176–78
biology and behavior, 43–46, 49–50, 54–56, 60–61, 62–64, 176–78
in glass, 8, 10, 42 fig., 45 fig., 47 fig., 55 fig., 57 fig., 173, 177 fig.
Haeckel’s influence on Blaschka models, 57–61
in search of Blaschka matches, 43, 48–56, 62, 63, 154
as nudibranch prey, 90, 101, 103–4
paper nautilus and, 158
photographs, 55 fig., 57 fig., 65 fig.
threats and conservation status, 64–66, 156
in watercolor, 44 fig., 45 fig., 55 fig., 65 fig.
See also specific taxa
jeweled umbrella squid (Histioteuthis bonnellii), 117 fig., 158
keystone species, 144
Kim, Catherine, 43, 48, 49
Kim, Kiho, 32
Kuni’s nudibranch (Goniobranchus kuniei), 105–6, 105 fig.
Kunstformen der Natur (Art Forms of Nature) (Haeckel), 57
Lanice conchilega (sand mason worm), 82–83
larvaceans, 170 fig., 188, 189
See also sea squirts
leopards of the sea (Goniobranchus), 105, 105 fig., 106
Leuckartiara octona, 177 fig.
Limacina, 183
limpets, 161
lionfish, 103, 105
lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), 45 fig., 176
lobate ctenophores, 50–51
Loligo forbesi, 132
Loligo vulgaris, 132
long-armed squid (Chiroteuthis veranyi), 112 fig., 116, 158
lophotrochozoans, 181, 184
See also specific taxa
lugworms (Arenicolidae), 70, 72, 77–78, 78 fig., 81–82
manoalide, 100
marine biodiversity, 11, 15, 52, 91–92, 106–7, 138
marine biodiversity declines, 156–66
factors in, 156, 157, 158, 160–63
Mediterranean declines since the Blaschkas’ day, 156–60
vertebrate declines, 65–66, 150, 160
See also climate change impacts; fisheries declines; ocean acidification; specific taxa
mauve stinger (Pelagia noctiluca), 46, 54–56, 55 fig., 63, 64, 66, 154
McFall-Ngai, Margaret, 126–27
Mediterranean dives, 153–55, 164, 166
jellyfish search, 52–56, 62, 63
Mediterranean feather duster, 54
Mediterranean fishery declines, 56, 63, 66, 132, 160
Mediterranean invertebrate declines, 156–60
medusae, 43, 44, 175
See also jellyfish
Membranipora membranacea, 98
metamorphosis, 188
Metridium farcimen (giant plumose anemone), 37, 39–40, 40 fig., 41
Metridium senile (plumose anemone), 35–37, 41, 97
Mexican salamander, Mexican walking fish, 189
Mills, Claudia, 64–65
mimicry, 101, 122, 151
mobile worms, 71–72, 180–81
See also worms; specific taxa
molluscs, 109–10, 173, 181–86
See also cephalopods; sea slugs; other specific taxa
molting, 185, 190
monarch butterfly, 100
Monograph of the British
Nudibranchiate Mollusca (Alder and Hancock), 94–95, 96 fig.
Monterey Bay Aquarium, 128
moon jelly (Aurelia aurita), 41, 46, 66
moray eel, 103
mottled star, 148
Naples Zoological Station, 7
Die Natur als Künstlerin (Nature as an Artist) (Haeckel), 58
nematocysts, 25, 60, 104, 176
See also toxins; venomous animals
nematode worms, 185, 190
Nembrotha kubaryana (variable neon slug), 94 fig.
Nemertea (ribbon worms), 170 fig., 178, 179
nereid worms (clam worms), 71, 73 fig., 77, 79, 82, 180–81
Nereiphyl
la paretti, 73 fig.
notochord, 188
nuclear plant closures, 46
nudibranchs, 10, 190
biology and behavior, 10, 90, 93–95, 97–98, 99–101, 103–4, 182
diversity and value of, 106–7, 110–11
in glass, 93–94, 95 fig., 96 fig., 102 fig., 183 fig.
in search of Blaschka matches, 89, 92–93, 98–101, 103, 104–6, 110–11
in Mediterranean, 154–55, 157, 158, 159
photographs, 94 fig., 95 fig., 96 fig., 105 fig., 154 fig.
in Salish Sea, 39, 40, 94
threats and conservation status, 90–91, 109–10, 111, 157, 159
in watercolor, 94–95, 96 fig., 102 fig.
See also sea slugs; specific taxa
ocean acidification, 107–8, 157, 160–61, 162, 183
cephalopods and, 133
corals and, 28, 29, 33
sea slugs and, 107–10
sea stars and, 149–50
worms and, 82
ocean pollution, 156
See also coastal disturbance and pollution
ocean warming, 28–29, 33–34, 157, 158, 160, 162–63
ochre star (Pisaster ochraceus), 141, 144, 146, 147 fig., 149
octocorals, 32, 178
See also corals; specific taxa
Octopus cyanea (day octopus), 113, 114, 123 fig., 124–26
octopuses, 14, 154, 170 fig., 184
biology and behavior, 113, 115, 119, 120–21, 122, 128
in glass, xii fig., 1, 11, 115–16, 118 fig., 120, 121 fig.
in search of Blaschka matches, 113–15, 123–26, 128–31
photographs, 123 fig.
threats and conservation status, 128, 130–34, 157, 158
in watercolor, 119–20, 121 fig.
See also cephalopods; specific taxa
Octopus vulgaris (common octopus), 113–14, 120–21, 128, 132, 154
in glass, xii fig., 1–2, 10–11, 115
omastrephid squid, 132
Onychoteuthis banksia (common clubhook squid), 118 fig.
Ophiopholis aculeata (daisy brittle star), 144, 145 fig.
Ophiothrix serrata, 142–43, 143 fig.
ophiuroids. See brittle stars
orange cup coral (Astroides calycularis), 33, 34 fig., 53, 54, 158, 159
ornate octopus (Callistoctopus ornatus), 114–15, 123–24, 123 fig.
oysters, 157
paedomorphosis, 189
Paine, Bob, 144, 146
palolo worms, 80–81, 83
paper nautilus (argonaut), 119–20, 121 fig., 133, 158
Paramuricea clavata (purple gorgonian), 63
Parantheopsis cruentata, 23 fig.
parchment tubeworms, 76, 76 fig., 79
Pelagia noctiluca (mauve stinger), 46, 54–56, 55 fig., 63, 64, 66, 154
penis worms (priapulids), 170 fig., 178, 179, 185
Perinereis cultrifera, 71
pharmaceuticals, derived from marine animals, 74, 100
Pherusa plumosa, 70–71, 73 fig.
Phyllidia, 104–5
Phyllochaetopterus major (parchment tubeworm), 76, 76 fig.
Physalia physalis. See Portuguese man-of-war
Pisaster ochraceus (ochre star), 141, 144, 146, 147 fig., 149
Pista cretacea (tentacled tubeworm), 68 fig., 82
Pista cristata (sand worm), 73, 73 fig.
plants and flowers, Blaschka glass models of, 4, 6, 58
Platyhelminthes (flatworms), 101, 178–79, 179 fig.
Plocamopherus imperialis, 183 fig.
plumose anemone (Metridium senile), 35–37, 41, 97
Polychaeta, 170 fig., 180
See also worms
Polyorchis penicillatus (red-eye medusa), 65, 65 fig.
polyps, 176
anemones and corals, 19, 25, 26–27, 176
jellyfish, 44–45, 176, 177–78, 177 fig.
Porifera. See sponges
Porpita, 101, 103
Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis), 44, 51, 66
biology and behavior, 43, 62–63
Blaschka’s observation of, 6, 49
in glass, 10, 42 fig., 60
as nudibranch prey, 10, 101
precious red coral (Corallium rubrum), 63, 159
predator-prey interactions, 10, 97–98, 100–101, 103–4, 106–7, 182
priapulids (penis worms), 170 fig., 178, 179, 185
Priapulis caudatus, 185
prints. See watercolors and prints
Prosek, James, 12–13
protostomes, 184
See also specific taxa
Pteroctopus tetracirrus (fourhorn octopus), 118 fig.
pteropods, 107–9, 108 fig., 183
See also sea angels; sea butterflies
purple gorgonian (Paramuricea clavata), 63
purple sea fan, 32
Pycnopodia helianthoides (sunflower star), 141, 149
Quirolo, Craig, 32
Rakow Museum and Library, 7, 8
rays, 160
recapitulation theory, 57–58
red-eye medusa (Polyorchis penicillatus), 65, 65 fig.
red tides, 158
Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig, 6, 7, 24
Reiling, Henri, 5, 7, 58
See also Blaschka correspondence and journals
Renilla muelleri (sea pansy), 18 fig., 27 fig.
ribbon worms (Nemertea), 77, 170 fig., 178, 179
Riegel, Carolina, 6, 9 fig.
Robison, Bruce, 116
Rohan, Camille de, Prince, 6
Rosacea cymbiformis, 47 fig., 60
Rossia macrosoma (stout bobtail squid), 116, 118 fig., 126
sacoglossans, 93, 182, 183
See also sea slugs; specific taxa
salamanders, 150
salmon kills, 46
salps, 158, 189
sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega), 82–83
sand worm (Pista cristata), 73, 73 fig.
Schleiden, M. J., 80
scyphozoans (scyphomedusae), 43–44, 170 fig., 176
sea angels, 107, 108 fig., 183
sea bass, 160
sea butterflies, 93, 107, 157, 161, 182, 183
sea cow (Discodoris atromaculata), 153
sea cucumbers, 39, 129, 170 fig., 173, 186
biology and behavior, 40–41, 139, 142, 151, 173, 186
in glass, 142, 143 fig.
sea dragon (Glaucus atlanticus), 10, 101, 102 fig., 103
sea elephant (Carinaria), 182, 183
sea fans, 32
See also gorgonian corals
sea feathers. See crinoids
sea pansies, 18 fig., 26–27, 27 fig.
sea peach (Boltenia ovifera), 189 fig.
sea pens, 27 fig.
sea slugs, 88–111, 182–83
biology and behavior, 89–90, 182
diversity of, 90, 91
photographs, 94 fig., 95 fig., 96 fig., 108 fig.
sea angels and sea butterflies, 93, 107–9, 108 fig., 157, 161, 182, 183
taxonomy of, 93–94, 182–83
in watercolor, 94–95, 96 fig., 102 fig.
See also nudibranchs; other specific taxa
sea snakes, 103
sea squirts, 39, 40, 54, 106–7, 188–89, 189 fig.
See also ascidians
sea stars, 136 fig., 147 fig., 154–55, 173, 186
biology and behavior, 141–42, 173
ecological importance, 144, 146
threats and conservation status, 137, 141, 146–51, 163
See also echinoderms; specific taxa
sea star wasting, 146–50, 163
sea urchins, 142, 162, 186
sea whip (Eunicella verrucosa), 159
segmented worms (Annelida), 74, 84, 178, 179–80, 181
See also specific taxa
semelparity, 120–21, 131–32
Sepia elegans (elegant cuttlefish), 118 fig.
Sepia officinalis, 132
Sepiidae. See cuttlefis
h
sepiolid (bobtail) squid, 126, 154, 184
Rossia macrosoma, 116, 118 fig., 126
Serpula vermicularis, 54, 70, 83, 84 fig., 85, 86
sharks, 29–30, 31, 48, 66, 160, 163
Shimomura, Osamu, 64
Shoals Marine Lab, 69, 95
siphonophores, 49, 59–61, 176–77
biology and behavior, 44–45, 51–52, 60–61, 62–63
in glass, 44–45, 47 fig., 59–60
See also specific taxa
snails, 161, 181, 182
snakelocks anemone (Anemonia viridis), 21, 23 fig.
Social Darwinism, 61
solar energy, 19–20, 26–27, 183
solitary cup coral (Balanophyllia europaea), 158, 159
Spanish dancer (Hexabranchus sanguineus), 100
spiral cleaving, 181
Spirorbis, 9, 72, 85
sponges, 154, 159, 174–75, 190
as nudibranch prey, 99, 100, 104, 106–7
spoon worms, 74, 170 fig., 178, 179, 180 fig.
spotted sacoglossan (Caliphylla mediterranea), 88 fig.
squid, 132, 154, 170 fig.
biology and behavior, 115–16, 117, 126–27, 184
in glass, 7, 112 fig., 115–16, 117 fig., 118 fig., 126, 132, 185 fig.
threats and conservation status, 132, 133, 134, 157, 158
See also cephalopods; specific taxa
staurozoans (stauromedusae), 176
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 52
Stilliger ornatus, 183
Stomphia coccinea (swimming anemone), 21, 24, 24 fig., 25, 40
stout bobtail squid (Rossia macrosoma), 116, 118 fig., 126
Stronglylocentrotus nudus, 162
stumpy-spined cuttlefish, 134–35
sunflower star (Pycnopodia helianthoides), 141, 149
Swalla, Billie, 175
swimming anemone (Stomphia coccinea), 21, 24, 24 fig., 25, 40
syllid worms, 180
symbiosis
algae-coral and algae-anemone symbiosis, 11, 19–20, 26–27, 28
squid bioluminescence as, 126–27
Synapta fasciata, 142, 143 fig.
Synapta lamperti, 151
Das System der Medusen (Haeckel), 59
tadpoles, 188, 189
Tealia crassicornis (Christmas anemone), 36, 40
tentacled tubeworm (Pista cretacea), 68 fig., 82
teuthid squid, 184
See also specific taxa
Thaliacea, 188
See also salps
Thayer, Charlie, 39
threatened and endangered species and ecosystems, 159–60
IUCN Red List, 133–34, 159–60
See also marine biodiversity declines; specific taxa
tiger shark, 48
Todarodes sagittatus (Japanese flying squid), 132
tooth shells, 181, 182
torsion, 182
toxins
toxic prey, 10, 100–101, 103–4, 106–7, 182
See also venomous animals
Trachythyone peruana, 142, 143 fig.
tree of life, 170 fig., 171–73